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The aim of this chapter is to enable students explore and examine topics, prepare outlines, arrange working bibliographies, write hypotheses, abstracts and proposals.
1- Sub-systems in English morphology: A concise study of morphological irregularities.
2- Distribution and aspiration of / p / sounds in Arabic.
3- The teaching of Standard English consonant clusters to the Arab learners.
4- Some morphophonemic rules in the derivation of modern standard Arabic imperatives.
5- Phonetic change in English and Arabic.
6- On the assimilation of root-final coronals in English adverbial nouns.
8- Courtesy expressions in Arabic
9-.The teaching of English morphology: Back to ICA.
10- On translating metalanguage: The language of linguistics.
11 Partings in Arabic with special reference to English.
12 - The morphophonemics of gender and number in modern Arabic and English.
13 - The role of glides in the morphophonemics of modern standard Arabic
14 - The assignment of gender to English loan words in Arabic: A cognitive perspective.
15- On the cognitive salience of some routinized speech acts in Arabic with special reference to English.
16- Imperatives vs. pseudo-imperatives in Arabic with reference to English.
17- Literal vs. free translation: What is lost amid?
18- A cognitive-pragmatic model for comprehension and translation.
19- On the Arabic and English verb.
20- The tolerance of students’ errors in English and its significance.
21- A sociophonological description of / p / and / b / in the Libyan university students’ English.
22- A contrastive study of gender in English and Arabic
23- The teaching of English grammar at pre-university level .
24- English for students of Medicine.
25- The teaching of English consonant clusters to the Arab learners.
26- Lexical relations in English and Arabic.
27- Negation in English and Arabic texts.
28- Metaphor as a speech act in English and Arabic.
29- Time expressions in some Arab countries Arabic with special reference to English.
30- . Some problems in translating English syntactic terms into Arabic.
31- Thanks and apologies in Arabic with special reference to English,
32- Congratulations in Egyptian Arabic with reference to English.
33- A study of compliments in Arabic with reference to English.
34- The distribution of-ly adverbs in English: A text-based analysis.
35- An analysis of concessive conditionals in Arabic with reference to English.
36- Reality and probability in literature.
37- Character analysis in a literary work .
38- Point of view in literature.
39- Settings and uses of setting in reference to a single literary work.
40- Imagery, symbolism, and allegory Analysis in literature.
41- Comparison and contrast in a literary works. English /Arabic works.
42- Review and evaluation of some modern literary works.
43- Adult language learning
44- Child language and early childhood education.
45- Contrastive linguistics and error analysis.
46- English as a global language.
47- Interface between linguistics and applied linguistics.
48- Interpreting and translation.
49- IT, Internet, and language learning.
50- Language disorders.
51- Language and education in multilingual settings.
52- ( ESP ) Language for special purposes .
53- Language teaching methodology and teacher education.
54- Language and entertainment.
55- Language and the media.
56- Adolescent language learning.
57- Mother Tongue education.
58- Learner autonomy in language learning.
59- Second language acquisition.
60- Writing of grammars (reference and pedagogical)
Key Terms in Research
Action research: A form of self-reflective inquiry carried out by practitioners, aimed at solving problems, improving practice, or enhancing understanding. It is often collaborative.
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) A more sophisticated version of ANOVA (analysis of variance) which enables the researcher to statistically control for the effect on the dependent variable of variables other than the independent variable.
Analysis of variance : (ANOVA) A statistical procedure for testing the difference between two or more means. It is used for estimating the probability that the means have been drawn from the same or different populations.
Applied Linguistics: A broad field of inquiry concerned with the study of language use, language acquisition/learning, and language disability utilising models and concepts from a range of disciplines including theoretical linguistics, anthropology, education, sociology, and psychology. It has many applications; including language pedagogy, speech pathology, deafness education, translation, lexicography, computational linguistics, and stylistics.
Case Study: The investigation of the way a single instance or phenomenon functions in context. In applied linguistics, it usually involves the investigation of the language behaviour of a single individual or limited number of individuals over a period of time.
Central tendency: The tendency of a set of scores to cluster around a particular value. The usual measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and the mode.
Chi-square ( X ) A statistical procedure for comparing the frequencies of two or more samples.
Correlation: A set of statistical procedures for testing the strength of association between sets of scores.
Diary: In language education, a first person account of the experience of language learning or teaching.
Dispersion: The tendency for a set of scores to spread out or depart from the average or typical values in the set of scores. Dispersion is usually measured through the range, the mean deviation, the variance, and the standard deviation of the scores.
Distribution: The representation of a set of scores according to their frequency of occurrence.
Elicitation: A range of procedures for obtaining speech samples and other data from subjects. Such procedures may range from the administration of standardised tests through to questionnaires and interviews.
Experiment: A procedure for testing an hypothesis by setting up a situation in which the strength of the relationship variables can be tested. A true experiment consists of control and experiment groups to which subjects have been randomly assigned, and in which all subjects are tested before and after the intervention or treatment under investigation has been administered to the experiment group. A pre-experiment may have pre-and posttreatment tests, but lacks a control group. A quasi-experiment has both pre-and posttests, and experiment and control groups, but no random assignment of subjects.
Hypothesis: A formal statement about an expected relationship between two or more variables, which can be tested through an experiment. For example: “Field independent learners will learn grammar more effectively through a deductive approach than through an inductive approach”.
Interview: The elicitation of data by one person from another through person – to person encounter.
Literature review: A written summary and critique of research relating to a particular issue or question.
Mean (X) The average of a set of scores, obtained by adding the scores together and dividing by the total number of scores.
Median: That value of a set of scores which has the same number of observations above and below it when the observations are ranked from highest to lowest.
Mode: The value which occurs most frequently in a set of scores.
Population: All cases, situations, or individuals who share one or more characteristics.
Protocol: A written record of a subject’s data, usually obtained through some form of elicitation.
Qualitative data: Data which are recorded in non-numerical form such as transcripts of classroom interactions.
Quantitative data: Data which are recorded in numerical form.
Questionnaire: An instrument for the collection of data, usually in written form, consisting of open and /or closed questions and other probes requiring a response from subjects.
Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of scores.
Reliability: The extent to which 1- an independent researcher, on analysing one’s data, would reach the same conclusions and 2- a replication of one’s study would yield similar results. Internal reliability refers to the consistency of the results obtained from a piece of research. External reliability refers to the extent to which independent researchers can reproduce a study and obtain results similar to those obtained in the original study.
Research: a systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: a question, a problem , or hypothesis . data. Analysis and interpretation of data.
Sample: A subset of individuals or cases from within a population.
Ssecond Language Acquisition: (SLA) The processes through which individuals develop skills in a second or foreign language in tutored or untutored environments.
Standard deviation: (SD) A measure of the dispersion of a set of scores from the mean of the scores. It is calculated by obtaining the square root of the variance of a set of scores.
Standard Error: (SE) The standard deviation of sample means, for a given sample, it can be calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the sample by the square root of the number of observations in the sample.
Statistics: Sets of mathematical procedures for collecting, classifying, and analyzing quantitative data.
Survey: The collection of data (usually related to attitudes, beliefs, or intentions) from subjects without attempting to manipulate the phenomena/ variables under investigation.
t- Test: A statistical procedure for testing the difference between two or more means. It is used for estimating the probability that the means have been drawn from the same or different populations.
Validity: The extent to which one has really observed what one set out to observe, and the extent to which one can generalize one’s findings from the subjects and situations to other subjects and situations.
Variable: A property or characteristic, which may differ from individual to individual or from group to group. A great deal of research is carried out in order to identify or test the strength of relationships between variables. When one variable influences or affects a second variable, the first variable is called an independent variable, and the second is called a dependent variable. ( An increase of the amount of time studying a skill or a language caused an improvement in test scores for that particular activity The variable causing the change e.g., study time is the independent variable while the test score is the dependent variable).
Variance: A measure of dispersion, calculated for a set of score by substracting each score from the mean, squaring the resulting values, adding these together, and dividing by the reminder of the number of scores minus 1.
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